System Users – Residential, Industry and Agriculture:
b) Behavioural:
These recommendations involve changing water usage habits and can be applied both indoors in the kitchen, bathroom, and laundry room and outdoors so that water is used more efficiently, thus reducing the overall water consumption.
Integral and fundamental to behavioural practices is the incorporation of all or most of the above so as to minimise overall water usage.
Around the House: It’s quite amazing just how much water is ‘lost’ by …

System Users – Residential , Industry and Agriculture:
All these groups share two areas namely Plumbing / Fixtures and Behavioural that need to be examined together so as to determine the best of practice option for each site in an endeavour to be as water efficient as possible and as a consequence result in more effective use and conservation of precious water resources.
a) Plumbing / Fixtures:
New installations: the minimum is to have Plumbing / Fixtures initially installed that …

Water Meters:
An important factor in quality water treatment is the use of the correct water meter.
Before the introduction of water meters, water users had little or no understanding of the implications of water usage effect to both upstream resources and downstream wastage.
• Approximately two thirds of the world is covered with water.
• There is no more water on earth now than there was millions of years ago.
• Of the two thirds of water, only about …

Measuring Water flow :
Modern pumps make lifting water from one level to another an efficient simple process that can be measured with a high degree of precision using water meters.
An example of the ease with which this was accomplished was when employed by a mining company that decided to de-water an old mine that had been allowed to flood for more than 50 years.
Two 45cm x 25 stage centrifugal pumps were coupled to the end of 45cm …

Moving water from one area to another:
There are many examples, from ancient times to the present, of water being delivered from its source to where it is needed by means of channels.
Indeed, gardeners of ancient times, designed their garden layouts to encompass the very purpose of channeling water as it created additional elements such as movement, sound and changes in temperature.
Water channels were an element in the design of the geometric shapes that complimented each other overall …

Mike Hardman of Precision Meters and in association with Caspian Holdings recently conducted a training course for trainees at the Liberian Water and Sewer Corporation covering the installation of Water Meters.
The training included both bench and actual on a site installation, culminating in the presentation of signed certificates to the trainees that participated.
The exercise was well received and proved most successful in forging links between the participating parties.
Shadi Saleh wrote the following in appreciation:
“I would like …

‘Water, water, every where, And all the boards did shrink;
Water, water, every where, Nor any drop to drink.’
Much has been written about why or how or of what Samuel Taylor Coleridge was thinking about when he penned ‘The Rime of the Ancient Mariner’ in 1797 and published it in 1798.
It is fairly certain though that he was not concerned with the shortage of ‘drinking’ water facing the world’s population a scant 214 years later.
Scant? Well in …

Definitions of water meter flow characteristics:
• Nominal Flow Rate: Qn
This designates the flow rate of the meter.
• Maximum Flow Rate: Qmax.
This value designates the MAXIMUM flow rate at which the meter accuracy will be within the maximum permitted error.
• Minimum Flow Rate: Qmin.
This designates the LOWEST flow rate at which the meter accuracy will be within the MAXIMUM permitted error.
• Transitional Flow Rate: Qt.
This designates the flow rate at which is the …

Definitions of water meter flow characteristics:
• Nominal Flow Rate: Qn
This designates the flow rate of the meter.
• Maximum Flow Rate: Qmax.
This value designates the MAXIMUM flow rate at which the meter accuracy will be within the maximum permitted error.
• Minimum Flow Rate: Qmin.
This designates the LOWEST flow rate at which the meter accuracy will be within the MAXIMUM permitted error.
• Transitional Flow Rate: Qt.
This designates the flow rate at which is the …

Whether one is considering air or fluid, the effects of laminar flow form an integral part of understanding the behaviour that the medium follows as a result of the surface over which it ‘flows.’
When a fluid is moving through a closed channel such as a pipe or between two flat plates, either of two types of flow may occur depending on the velocity of the fluid: laminar flow or turbulent flow.
Laminar flow is often known as a streamline …